WASHINGTON Dave Chappelle has built a career on pushing boundaries and challenging social conventions. But his greatest act of defiance may have come Sunday night at Washington’s Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.

At the end of an evening of tributes and testimonials, Mr. Chappelle came on stage to accept his Mark Twain Prize forAmerican Humor, a lifetime achievement award in comedy, with a lit cigarette in hand.

“I want everyone in America to look at me smoking indoors,” he announced. “I didn’t ask anybody. What are they going to do? Kick me out? This is called leverage!”

A host of comedians and musicians paid tribute to the 46-year-old Mr. Chappelle, describing him as a uniquely gifted and passionate performer with a sort of pied piper appeal that drew other artists into his circle.

Rapper and actor Common praised Mr. Chappelle’s bravery and sociological influence.

“He’s a beacon for a lot of different progressive thought,” he said as he entered the Kennedy Center Sunday night. “He’s always been a leader in thought and culture. He says provocative things and I respect that. He brings uncomfortable things up and now we have to discuss it,” he said. “I think he’s one of the greatest, not just entertainers, but the greatest minds we have in this day and age.”

Michael Che, co-host of Weekend Update on “Saturday Night Live,” called Mr. Chappelle “the entertainment equivalent of what they call a five-tool player in baseball. He can perform, he can write, he can do characters. That’s why his fan base is so wide.”

Sunday night’s ceremony was a homecoming for Mr. Chappelle, who was raised in suburban Silver Spring, Md.

“Going there was one of the great privileges of my life,” Mr. Chap- pelle said on the red carpet. “D.C. in the ’80s was turbulent and I met a bunch of young black artists who taught me it was OK to be different. It was OK to be weird.”

In addition to Mr. Che, Mr. Chappelle was joined on stage by other SNL cast members Kenan Thompson and Colin Jost, actor Morgan Freeman, comedian Sarah Silverman, Bradley Cooper, Aziz Ansari and Jon Stewart who paid tribute to his success.

“You deserve it,” Ms. Silverman said as she congratulated him. “It’s the right thing. It’s actually perfect that you’re getting the Mark Twain Prize because you both love using the n-word in your masterpieces.”

Mr. Chappelle was already a well-established comedian and comedic actor when he got his own sketch comedy show in 2003. He won fans to “Chappelle’s Show” on Comedy Central in the first episode, in which he played a Klansman named Clayton Bigsby who was blind and therefore didn’t know he was African-American.

The show combined clever parodies that often tweaked racial conventions with uniquely staged musical productions featuring hip-hop and soul artists.

At the height of his popularity, Mr. Chappelle shocked the entertainment industry by walking away in midseason in the early 2000s from a lucrative contract extension and abandoning the show while it was preparing for its third season. He disappeared from public view and took an extended trip to Africa. He later explained that the pressures of the show’s success, and the influence applied by the network, made him feel “like some kind of a prostitute.”

Mr. Chappelle gradually returned to performing, more powerful than ever, and now releases regular stand-up specials under a multimillion-dollar deal with Netflix.

Musician John Legend paid tribute to Mr. Chappelle’s passion for music and determination to use his influence to spotlight different artists. At the height of his fame, Mr. Chappelle organized “Dave Chappelle’s Block Party” — a movie built around an all-star concert featuring Mr. Legend, the Roots and a reunion of The Fugees.

“He’s a gifted curator who blends different worlds seamlessly,” Mr. Legend said. “That’s why you see so many musicians coming to this stage to pay tribute.”

Mr. Chappelle spoke with reverence about the Mark Twain Prize and the “art form” of stand-up comedy. He noted that the list of previous recipients reads like a roll call of his heroes, including the late Richard Pryor and George Carlin.

“To be on a list with Richard Pryor is just unfathomable to me,” Mr. Chappelle said. “The shoulders that I stand on are all here on this list.”

The ceremony will be broadcast Jan. 7 on PBS. In Richmond, that would be VPM TV, or Virginia Public Media.