As the worldwide demonstrations continue three weeks after the murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis policeman, the question is whether outrage will lead to real reforms.

Fundamental reforms would begin with ending the “qualified immunity” of police, curbing the militarization of police forces, transferring funds and functions to social agencies, imposing residency requirements and finally making lynching a hate crime.

There is good reason to be skeptical. After the remarkable Black Lives Matter demonstrations across the country in 2014, very little changed. Police continue to kill more than 250 African-Americans a year. In most cities, racial profiling, constant harassment, routine brutality and mass arrests continue. Powerful police unions block reforms. Cynical politicians — in this case led by President Trump who has been tweeting “more money for Law Enforcement” — fan fears. Callous officials like U.S. Attorney General William Barr deny the existence of systemic racism in our criminal justice system.

With 18,000 separate police organizations locally across the country, real reform is hard. There also is reason for hope. After dozens of commissions, beginning with the Kerner Com- mission in 1967 and moving forward, we know a lot about what needs to be done. What has been missing is will, not ideas. And now, as the demonstrations reveal, Americans — black and white, young and old — are demanding change.

Democrats, led by Rep. Karen Bass of California, chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, and U.S. Sens. Corey Booker of New Jersey and Kamala Harris of California, have introduced The Justice in Policing Act of 2020 that calls for basic reforms. It would revise the “qualified immunity,” which has protected police from liability for excessive use of force; curb the transfer of military equipment to state and local law enforcement agencies; mandate data collection of police misconduct and a centralized registry of offenders; mandate racial training; and outlaw chokeholds and no-knock warrants. It finally would make lynching a hate crime, passing legislation that has been pending for more than 100 years. Many of these same reforms can and should be passed at the state level, not allowing Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and President Trump to bottle up reform.

Similarly, as Campaign Zero has detailed in #8Can’tWait, local officials or city councils can simply order basic changes in police techniques: Outlawing chokeholds; mandating de-escalation efforts; requiring warning before shooting; creating a duty to intervene against excessive force by other officers; banning shooting at moving vehicles; and more.

“Defund the police” has been added to the massive “Black Lives Matter” painted on the road leading to the White House in Washington.

But the advocates of “defund the police” aren’t fools. They understand that the police will be with us — but that their role and their functions need to be dramatically rethought.

“We must end policing as we know it,” stated Lisa Bender, the Minneapolis City Council president who leads a veto-proof majority of the city council dedicated to “recreating a system of public safety that will actually keep us safe.”

Defunding means transferring resources that now go to police into investments in communities in health care, schools and housing. It reflects the reality that in minority communities, particularly, over-criminalization has made virtually everyone a potential target. Police have gotten involved in areas better left to others, from school discipline, eviction enforcement, addiction and substance abuse.

Police are soldiers in the so-called “war on drugs” when it is fought in poor and minority communities while deferring to public health agencies to address opioid and drug abuse in suburban and exurban neighborhoods. Defunding would include organizing community groups to help intervene to de-escalate tense situations that can lead to violence.

Mayors in Los Angeles and New York have announced plans to transfer some funds from their police budgets to social services. But what’s required is a real commitment, like that of the Minneapolis City Council, to rethink public safety from top to bottom.

Real change won’t be easy. The resistance will be fierce. At the national level, Senate Republicans will no doubt seek to block the reforms that pass the House. President Trump will enlist the police unions to posture as a law-and-order strongman.

The demonstrators must build a political force able not only to defeat those who stand in the way, but to hold those promising change accountable. What is clear is that the abuses won’t stop, the police murders won’t end, until fundamental reforms are made.

The writer is founder and president of the national Rainbow PUSH Coalition.