NEW YORK - Paul Mooney, the boundary-pushing comedian who was Richard Pryor’s longtime writing partner and whose bold, incisive musings on racism and American life made him a revered figure in stand-up, died Wednesday, May 19, 2021, at his home in Oakland, Calif., of a heart attack. He was 79.

Mr. Mooney’s friendship and collaboration with Mr. Pryor began in 1968 and lasted until Mr. Pryor’s death in 2005. Together, they confronted racism perhaps more directly than it ever had been before onstage.

Mr. Mooney wasn’t as widely known as Mr. Pryor, but his influence on comedy was ubiquitous. As head writer on the television show “In Living Color,” Mr. Mooney helped create and inspire the Homey D. Clown character. He also played the future-foretelling Negrodamus on “Chappelle’s Show,” the sketch-comedy show by Dave Chappelle.

In any forum, Mr. Mooney was uniquely fearless as a comedian. His blunt confrontations with racism and power in white America could be hys- terical or simply defiantly unflinching. In his 2012 special “The Godfather of Comedy,” he said the only way to end racism was to “kill every white person on this planet.” Mr. Mooney considered himself “the first comic to bring a ‘just between us’ Black voice to the stage.”

“I say what I feel. White folks got their freedom. I’m going to be free, white and 21, too,” Mr. Mooney said in 2010.

Mr. Mooney chronicled his partnership with Mr. Pryor in his 2007 memoir “Black Is the New White.” They first met, Mr. Mooney recalled, when Mr. Pryor showed up at a party at Mr. Mooney’s apartment on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood and suggested an orgy. Mr. Mooney threw him out.

They were opposites in many ways. Mr. Mooney didn’t drink or do drugs. But they found they shared a natural connection.

“Even though I have a feeling that sooner or later it’s all going to crash, I still accept Richard’s friendship. He is irresistible,” Mr. Mooney wrote in “Black Is the New White.”

At a time when nearly all television writers were white, Mr. Mooney and Mr. Pryor first wrote episodes for the sitcom “Sanford and Son” together. They continued on the short-lived 1978 variety program “The Richard Pryor Show.” Mr. Mooney helped write many of Mr. Pryor’s classic comedy albums, including “...Is It Something I Said?” in 1976 and “Live on the Sunset Strip” in 1983.

Mr. Mooney also penned Mr. Pryor’s famous word association sketch on “Saturday Night Live” with Chevy Chase. The sketch, in which Mr. Chase interviews Mr. Pryor for a job, Mr. Mooney said, was a product of a tense lead-up to showtime during which NBC executives were nervous about having Mr. Pryor on the air and Lorne Michaels was skeptical about having Mr. Mooney there to write. Mr. Pryor insisted on it.

“After all the bull---- I’ve been put through to get here, the f------ cross- examination Lorne subjects me to, I decide to do a job interview of my own,” Mr. Mooney later said. “Chevy’s the boss, interviewing Richard for a janitor’s job. The white personnel interviewer suggests they do some word association, so he can test if the Black man’s fit to employ.”

Later generations of Black comics gravitated to Mr. Mooney. In the 1980s, he opened for Eddie Murphy on his “Raw” tour. Mr. Chappelle, who also hired him as a writer on “Chap- pelle’s Show,” wrote the forward to Mr. Mooney’s memoir.

Mr. Mooney wouldn’t make his first solo stand-up special until the 1993 album “Race.” In its torrid opening, he mocks white people for being discomforted by the N-word, a word Mr. Mooney used liberally in his act. “You made it up! You shouldn’t have made it up!” he says. “I say it, you think it.”

“I recall listening to his ‘Race’ album in college and how formative it was,” filmmaker Ava DuVernay wrote on Twit- ter. “Yeah, the jokes. But more so, the freedom. He spoke freely and fearlessly

about feelings and experiences others found difficult to express.”

Born Paul Gladney in Shreveport, La., Mr. Mooney was raised largely by his grandmother in Oakland. He com- peted in dance contests as a teenager and appeared on the TV show “Dance Party.” He was drawn to stand-up, he said, after seeing Lenny Bruce perform in the early 1960s. He took the stage name of Mooney from “Scarface” actor Paul Muni.

Mr. Mooney was also an actor who played Sam Cooke in “The Buddy Holly Story” in 1978 and Junebug in Spike Lee’s film “Bamboozled” in 2000. Mr. Mooney, suggesting the opportunities might have been more, said the film industry was frightened of “a proud black man like me.”

In 2006, Mr. Mooney said he would give up using the N-word after Michael Richards’ outburst at a comedy club. Mr. Mooney continued to perform as recently as 2014, even after being diagnosed with prostate cancer. Some said he continued too long. In 2016, New York magazine wrote that it was “hard to discern the defiant figure of Mooney’s prime in the man audiences are seeing onstage these days.”

“I was lucky enough to open for Paul Mooney several times,” comedian and television host W. Kamau Bell said on Twitter. “It was a master class. It was like a Malcolm X speech that had been punched up by Redd Foxx and then in the middle of everything he’d go off on a tangent about Jane Fonda. He was one of the greats.”